In his best-selling Irrational Exuberance, Robert Shiller cautioned that society's obsession with the stock market was fueling the volatility that has since made a roller coaster of the financial system. Less noted was Shiller's admonition that our infatuation with the stock market distracts us from more durable economic prospects. These lie in the hidden potential of real assets, such as income from our livelihoods and homes. But these ''ordinary riches,'' so fundamental to our well-being, are increasingly exposed to the pervasive risks of a rapidly changing global economy. This compelling and important new book presents a fresh vision for hedging risk and securing our economic future.

Shiller describes six fundamental ideas for using modern information technology and advanced financial theory to temper basic risks that have been ignored by risk management institutions--risks to the value of our jobs and our homes, to the vitality of our communities, and to the very stability of national economies. Informed by a comprehensive risk information database, this new financial order would include global markets for trading risks and exploiting myriad new financial opportunities, from inequality insurance to intergenerational social security. Just as developments in insuring risks to life, health, and catastrophe have given us a quality of life unimaginable a century ago, so Shiller's plan for securing crucial assets promises to substantially enrich our condition.

Once again providing an enormous service, Shiller gives us a powerful means to convert our ordinary riches into a level of economic security, equity, and growth never before seen. And once again, what Robert Shiller says should be read and heeded by anyone with a stake in the economy.

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Talk about timing! His previous book, Irrational Exuberance (echoing Fed Chair Alan Greenspan's famous 1996 phrase), hit the book stores in mid-March 2000 -- six days after the NASDAQ peaked at 5,100 and the new-economy bubble burst. In it he explained why misperception of risk and our abysmal mismanagement of it brought stock prices far above sustainable levels. Of course, he wrote that long before the rest of us (except for Alan Greenspan) started to lose sleep over it.

His new book appears, again perfectly timed, when most of us feel more insecure than ever. There is no argument that with globalization the world has become a riskier place. The same opportunity that let the hedge fund Long Term Capital Management speculate and arbitrage globally also threatened the entire world, when at one point its liabilities were said to approach 10% of America's annual GDP. I co-authored a case study of a leading investment bank that pioneered a new state-of-the-art approach to risk management (known as value-at-risk) -- and was bankrupted by it.

Have we learned our lesson? I doubt it. A popular Silicon Valley bumper sticker says: "Oh Lord -- please, just one more bubble". Based on history, the prayer will be answered -- there will be many more bubbles. And more economic crises, because every economic crisis in history began with financial collapse.

Economists are great at diagnosing problems, but generally poor at solving them. But in The New Financial Order, Shiller offers a brilliant solution to our dismal inability to deal with risk and uncertainty, written in a style ordinary people can understand. His book is about "applying risk management technology to the major problems of our lives". In the words of his publisher Peter Dougherty, this is economics that tries to improve the culture. Here is Shiller's basic argument.

In the 1980's economic theorists played with an idea known as 'missing markets' -- the notion that if only there were markets for everything, including every kind of risk, we would all be far better off and the economy would function smoothly. In inventing the 'missing markets', people who hate risk find those willing to bear it, at an appropriate price. The mechanism of supply and demand finds that price of risk-bearing (insurance) that makes both risk-buyer and risk-seller happy and better off. But despite the boom in derivatives -- the market for a variety of exotic risk-bearing assets -- most of the risks ordinary people encounter cannot be insured.

Consider Joseph Q. Public. Joe wanted to study philosophy in college, but his mother persuaded him to became a mechanical engineer instead, because as a philosopher he might not make a living. He owns a three-bedroom Colonial in suburban Newton, MA., but worries its value will decline. He works for a small quality-assurance company and worries, in this global downturn, that he may soon be out of work. If he loses his job, he also loses his family's health insurance. All these risks are uninsured, because no such insurance exists; there are 'missing markets'. The irony is that, like a majority of Americans, Joe is heavily over-insured for the least worrisome or likely of all risks -- death. He has $700,000 worth of life insurance, even though, as a non-smoking 42-year-old who jogs, the chances he will die this year are less than one in five hundred -- far less than the chance of losing his job, picking the wrong career, or seeing his home equity tank.

How can Shiller's insights help Joe Public and the world in general? By devising markets that insure risks that really matter -- markets big enough, so that risk is widely spread and broadly diversified, minimizing the chance any single risk-bearer will go broke. Such as livelihood insurance -- the chance I may not make a living. Home equity insurance -- the chance my house will drop in value. Income-linked loans -- contingent on my having enough income to pay them pack. Inequality insurance --insurance for the risk income inequality will create too many poor people. Intergenerational social security -- pooling risks held by different generations, some of them who work, some who are supported by those who work. And a huge database that supports these new markets, with new indexes and units of measurement that quantify the risks so they can be bought and sold and efficiently insured.

Even if only a few of these new markets for risk existed, Joe Public could sleep a lot more soundly. It is time for banks, insurance companies, governments and the World Bank to invent them.
People love to ask economists like Shiller, if you're so smart -- and understand capital markets so well -- why aren't you rich? And if you know the solutions, why don't you do something?
Well, in fact, he is! And he does. In 1991 Shiller and partners founded Case Shiller Weiss Inc., to facilitate devices to manage the risks to our homes. This is done by the Case Shiller Home Price Index, a repeat-sale home price index that enables people to insure against a fall in home values. The company was sold at a high but undisclosed price to Wisconsin financial services firm Fiserv in 2002. Shiller has now founded a second firm, Macro Securities Research LLC, to create new risk management vehicles.

As a pioneer in what is now known as 'behavioral finance' -- the application of psychology to understanding behavior in capital markets -- Shiller has a secret weapon, his wife Virginia, a child-clinical psychologist. I suspect he and I had the same experience -- discovering that our wives knew far more about economic behavior than we did, because while we studied equations and numbers, they worked with, and helped, real people, every day.

29 of 37 found the following review helpful:

A fairly interesting bookJul 11, 2003
By Dr. Lee D. Carlson
In the last two decades fascinating developments and innovations have occurred in the field of finance. Now called financial engineering, the techniques used therein are dependent on highly sophisticated constructions in mathematics. Risk analysis has been a large part of this drive for innovation in finance, and is the subject of this book. The author proposes some "radical" innovations for risk management, and it is fascinating reading. Those who welcome new ideas and proposals in finance should find the book interesting, but the book is addressed to a non-technical general audience, and so most of the mathematical justification behind the ideas is left out. However, references are given for the author's work and others he has collaborated with for the reader who needs a more quantitative approach. There are some philosophical threads in the book that are somewhat troubling, for those who do not agree with the political and moral philosophy of John Rawls (who the author uses as a "foundation"), but the substance of his ideas can still be accepted even if this philosophy is explicity rejected.

The author proposes six ideas for what he calls a "new financial order": livelihood insurance, macro markets, income-linked loans, inequality insurance, intergenerational social security, and international agreements. He also proposes the development of massive databases, what he calls GRIDS, standing for "global risk information databases", in order to provide the information that allows effective risk management, and "indexed units of account", which is a new "electronic money" that serves to optimize the negotiating of risk.

All of part three of the book is devoted to these six ideas. The author proposes 'income indexes" as a way of hedging livelihoods and compares livelihood insurance with disability insurance. Those readers in the scientific profession will appreciate his ideas on livelihood insurance, due to the extreme risk in entering a specialized scientific field at the present time. Interestingly, the author compares this risk management device with academic tenure, believing that the latter is a good example of what could be done in society as a whole. He does not elaborate though on how universities reduce the "moral risks" in the tenure system, unfortunately. Optimizing productivity in individuals who are guaranteed lifelong employment is extremely difficult, and there are strong arguments against the institution of tenure for this reason.

The author's discussion of "macro markets" is very interesting, especially if read in conjunction with his research papers. Motivating it with a real world example of the Citibank loan to Bulgaria in 1994, the interest rate of which was tied to the growth rate of the Bulgarian economy, he proposes a few ways in which risks can be hedged for everyone, such as 'perpetual futures', and 'macro securities', the latter of which he prefers and discusses at length. These are securities that are automatically issued and redeemed on demand, but only in pairs. Based again on indexes, there is a macro whose price increases when the index increases, the other going down when the index increases.The author gives several examples of the forms which these macro securities might take.

Because of its philosophical orientation, the author's ideas on "inequality insurance" may be somewhat troubling, for it is the government who is to set legislation on the level of income inequality, and prevent inequality from getting worse. But the tax system will be "framed" so as appear to enforce a measure of inequality rather than the specification of tax rates. The author explains how the inequality insurance payments would be calculated using what he calls the "after-tax Lorentz curve", coupled with the "Gini coefficient", which is a measure of how much the Lorentz curve sags. Historical evidence though casts much suspicion on the government's ability to do anything of value in the economic realm. In addition, inequality, as meausured by the author, does not say anything of the history of what led to that inequality. The history must be known before any action should be taken to correct the inequality. Inequality in and of itself does not entail corrective action be taken to dissolve the inequality.

The biggest virtue of the book is the author's awareness, and subsequent discussion, of the role of technological advancement in economic affairs, particularly the role to be played by machine intelligence. However, in my opinion, I think he is wrong when he expresses the belief that low-income workers will be at higher risk for losing their jobs because of the advances in artificial intelligence. On the contrary, these kinds of jobs will probably be the most secure, since it will not be cost effective to have robots do the kinds of tasks involved in these jobs. The highest risk will be for those who are in middle management, for the tasks that must be done in these positions can be done much more effectively by intelligent machines. Indeed, areas such as accounting, information management, financial engineering, and other areas that are information-intensive will be run entirely by machines in the near future. The resulting massive loss of jobs could be dealt with by using financial innovations along the lines of what the author proposes in this book. The enormous wealth generated by intelligent machines could be used to alleviate the financial strain that will be experienced by the people who lose their jobs to these machines. And the machines themselves may have their own unique and clever methods to solve this problem and others that arise in the coming decades.

12 of 14 found the following review helpful:

A fascinating alternative view of the financial systemSep 22, 2004
By Bill O'Chee
Shiller is a visionary economist. The problem with visionaries is that they do not always see the world the same way as everyone else.

This book outlines how Shiller believes a range of innovative risk management products could change the international financial system, and at the same time raise the living standards of ordinary people. Shiller wants to create derivative products which would allow people to use financial markets to hedge against loss of income, or the decline in the value of their house, for example.

Now this is pretty daunting stuff for the average reader, and I doubt that most of the people Shiller wants to help would fully appreciate the complexities of the things he advocates.

The other problem I have is that I simply don't believe all of Shiller's ideas are feasible. Moreover, even he would have to admit it is impossible to eliminate risk from life, yet that is what he tries to achieve.

I think it is a terrific book for those who want to ponder "what if." It can be a hard read though.

10 of 12 found the following review helpful:

Big Brother meet the Free MarketJan 09, 2004
By Thomas Mongle
This is a big, big book. Although it contains only 276 pages of commentary, its scope envisions a brave new world we can only imagine and argue about. No doubt the outcome of the argument will weigh heavily on our future for years to come. Professor Robert J. Shiller needs no introduction. Whether by intent or luck, his "Irrational Exuberance" warning about our overvalued stock market was published around the time NASDAQ topped out just above 5000 (March 2000). The rest is history. And while I, as a former member of two options exchanges, certainly welcome any suggestion to increase the trading opportunities available to us today, the six innovative financial instruments he proposes to reduce/share risk leave a lot to be explained, both mechanically and philosophically. The book, though, rates five stars for its thought-provoking ideas and for the stature that Shiller brings to them. There's a lot in this book and nothing in it should be discarded without extensive study and reflection. One of life's hardest lessons to accept is that none of us, either individually or collectively, can ignore the dynamic world we live in. Sitting still is not an option because of the relative motion of everyone else in the world. Our only choices are, in the immortal words of Lee Iacocca, "Lead, follow, or get out of the way." Today's informational databases were sure to evoke something like Shiller's ideas. It is useless to turn our heads because it will happen. Therefore the intent of this book should be exposed to the largest possible number of people because what we decide will determine how we spend the rest of our lives. On the surface, Dr. Shiller would be creating a Dr. Pangloss world, but the devil would be in the details.
The most obvious aspect of Shiller's proposals is that he would use classical capitalistic markets to achieve classical socialistic goals. A most creative feat in and of itself. Insuring against risk, of course, is nothing new. Lloyd's of London dates back to Edward Lloyd's coffeehouse in the late 1680s. But not only does Shiller want to mitigate the risk of error in individual decision making, he also wants to insure "society" against the collective mistakes of all. It will be interesting to see which power groups line up on which side of the argument. Maybe he isn't proposing cradle-to-grave socialism, but certainly something close to young-professional-through-retirement risk sharing as administered/regulated by a combination of governmental/financial superbodies.
He convincingly begins his presentation with a short history of how new innovations are always refuted at first, then eventually work their way into our lives. This is a good start to set the stage for his own ground-breaking ideas.
There is no point in going over the mechanics of the proposals because they will see many different permutations before they ever become tradable entities, but more important are the goals and philosophy that pushes them all.
His first proposal covers personal insurance: livelihood insurance to reduce the risk of people embarking on a dead-end profession. He is inspired here by the very legitimate concern that society losses out on tremendous talent when gifted individuals steer away from professions that might not pay off in the future. He feels that if we insure them against this failure, their contributions will pay off in the long run. Also included in personal insurance is his proposal for home equity insurance to guard against a decline in your home's value. He's already put his money where his mouth is by incubating such a company and then selling it to a financial conglomerate.
Next is MacroMarkets. Here he envisions GDP futures to enable trading in national economies based on how they perform. One of the benefits here would be when a country's GDP begins to weaken, it would be a signal to the affected economy's leaders that something must be done to remedy the situation or else things will get worse.
Third, he addresses banking and income-linked loans. Interest rates on loans would rise or fall with one's income, region, or profession, and could be used to modify or eliminate current bankruptcy laws. However, could a bank stay solvent by lending money on fluctuating terms unless it could also pay interest on fluctuating terms? We've just lived through the S & L crisis borne out of this same scenario.
Fourth, he tackles his most inflammatory subject, that of income inequality. His basic fear here, along with Dr. Ravi Batra and others, is that increasing disparity of income leads to riots, revolutions, and war. But who decides what is fair and equitable? And would an earlier leveling effect have robbed us of the builders Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Ford up through Walton and Gates?
Fifth - Intergenerational social security. This is the most pressing problem today and will cause the most heated debates going forward. What is fair can be debated until we all die of old age.
Last, he would like to set up swaps between rich and poor, strong and weak nations based on their GDPs. But what happens when politicians are accused of "exporting jobs" like companies are today? They won't be in office very long. The IMF doesn't have a great record getting the masses to toe the line either when it comes to living up to prior agreements.
The scariest ingredient of all Shiller's proposals is the collection, retrieval and analysis of masses of amounts of information (GRID) needed to administer such an interconnected trading arrangement. Yet, the Internet is making us one people, and Shiller's financial instruments would make us one world, interconnected, co-dependent, and risk-sharing. If Clausewitz was right that war is politics by other means, then perhaps politics is economics by other means. Maybe the time has come for economics to supercede politics and maybe Shiller is showing the way. He does have a vision. Do we want to be part of it or not?

7 of 8 found the following review helpful:

A Must Read!Jun 11, 2004
By Rolf Dobelli "getAbstract"
Economist Robert Shiller became a household name when he published his previous bestseller Irrational Exuberance just as the dot.com boom was peaking. In The New Financial Order, he capitalizes on his celebrity to put forward a thoughtful, detailed proposal for managing economic risks. This highly readable book portrays a future in which many serious individual financial risks are dispersed to savvy global investors, thanks to technology. Imagine violinists being able to insure their careers in addition to their Stradivarius instruments, developing countries securing generous loans from the first world by tying the repayment schedules to their future GDPs and a revamped tax system preventing the gap between rich and poor from widening. We suggest this book to risk-management professionals who want to step back and look at the big picture, as well as to anyone who has a stake in creating new financial products to meet twenty-first century needs.

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